{"id":434,"date":"2009-08-21T21:39:02","date_gmt":"2009-08-21T18:39:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/kariyeryolculugu.com\/blog\/?p=434"},"modified":"2009-08-21T21:39:02","modified_gmt":"2009-08-21T18:39:02","slug":"zeka-ve-ustun-zeka","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kariyeryolculugu.com\/blog\/2009\/08\/21\/zeka-ve-ustun-zeka\/","title":{"rendered":"Zeka ve \u00dcst\u00fcn Zeka"},"content":{"rendered":"

Yazan: Oktay Taftal\u0131. \u015eair, pedagog, felsefeci<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ge\u00e7en ak\u015fam (19.08.09) TV 24 kanal\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7 saatte yay\u0131nlanan haber program\u0131nda, \u00fcst\u00fcn zek\u00e2l\u0131 \u00e7ocuklarla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir enstit\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u00f6neticisi konu\u015fuyordu. Y\u00f6netici, \u00fclkemizde bu cocuklara y\u00f6nelik \u00f6zel e\u011fitim veren kurumlar\u0131n yeterli olmamas\u0131ndan yak\u0131n\u0131yor, fakat o \u00f6zel e\u011fitimin nas\u0131l olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini tam \u00f6zetleyemiyordu.\u00a0 Kendisinin de \u00fcst\u00fcn zek\u00e2l\u0131 oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lan ve galiba, Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i\u2019nde fizik bilimadam\u0131 olmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan s\u00f6z eden y\u00f6netici, \u00fcst\u00fcn zek\u00e2l\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlanan \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerini s\u0131ral\u0131yordu. Buna g\u00f6re: ya\u015f\u0131ndan beklenmeyecek d\u00fczeyde yetkin c\u00fcmleler kuran, ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesindeki konulara ili\u015fkin ardarda sorular soran, okuma yazmay\u0131 okul \u00f6ncesi \u00e7a\u011flarda \u00f6\u011frenen, \u00e7ok basamakl\u0131 rakamlarla matemati\u011fin d\u00f6rt i\u015flemini kafadan ve h\u0131zla yapabilen bu \u00e7ocuklar, \u00fcst\u00fcn zek\u00e2l\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131yorlarm\u0131\u015f. Do\u011frudur. Asl\u0131nda halk aras\u0131nda da \u201c\u00fcst\u00fcn zek\u00e2l\u0131\u201d tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n, daha farkl\u0131 bir anlama geldi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenemez.<\/p>\n

Belki bir\u00e7o\u011fumuz kendi \u00e7ocukluk y\u0131llar\u0131nda mahalle ya da okul arkada\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7evresinde, \u00fcstelik san\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan fazla say\u0131da b\u00f6yle \u00e7ocuklar tan\u0131m\u0131\u015f\u0131zd\u0131r. Ben \u015fahsen b\u00fct\u00fcn okul hayat\u0131m boyunca, d\u00f6rt-be\u015f haneli rakamlar\u0131 kafadan \u00e7arp\u0131p b\u00f6lebilen, daha ilkokul \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131nda bir tak\u0131m deneylere kafa yoran, y\u0131l\u0131n hangi ayn\u0131n ka\u00e7\u0131nc\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn, haftan\u0131n hangi g\u00fcn\u00fcne tekab\u00fcl etti\u011fini bilecek \u015fekilde takvim ezberleyebilen ve \u00f6\u011fretmenler taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6n s\u0131ralara oturtularak \u00f6zel muamele g\u00f6ren \u00fc\u00e7 arkada\u015f tan\u0131d\u0131m. Farkl\u0131 zaman ve s\u0131n\u0131flarda tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131m bu \u00e7ocuklar\u0131, yukardaki zek\u00e2 tan\u0131m\u0131na uyan \u00f6zellikleri nedeniyle, \u00f6teki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fkan \u00e7ocuklardan ay\u0131r\u0131yorum<\/strong>. (Yine \u00e7o\u011fumuzun bildi\u011fi gibi, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fkanlar da \u00f6n s\u0131ralarda oturur, aileden ve kendilerinden kaynaklanan h\u0131rslar\u0131n\u0131, belli bir disiplin ve istikrarl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmayla \u201cba\u015far\u0131ya\u201d d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcrlerdi.)<\/p>\n

\u00d6te yandan, aralar\u0131nda benim de oldu\u011fum ve geneli olu\u015fturan haylaz \u00e7ocuklar, sene boyunca en arkalarda, \u00f6zellike kalorifer yan\u0131 ve cam kenar\u0131 s\u0131ralar\u0131 kapmak i\u00e7in didi\u015fir dururduk. Gri, hatta boz-puslu bir atmosferin hakim oldu\u011fu k\u0131\u015f g\u00fcnlerinde, nedense baz\u0131lar\u0131na Haydarpa\u015fa Lisesi\u2019nin pencerelerinden Marmara\u2019n\u0131n enginlerine bakarak saatler boyu hayal kurmak, \u00f6n s\u0131ralarda cereyan eden zek\u00e2 oyunlar\u0131na kat\u0131lmaktan daha \u00e7ekici gelirdi. Sonu\u00e7ta b\u00fct\u00fcn sene boyunca hay\u00e2l kuranlar s\u0131n\u0131fta kal\u0131r, ancak hayallerini erteleyenler ise ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olurlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

S\u00fcrekli s\u0131n\u0131fta kalanlar ve s\u00fcrekli ge\u00e7enler aras\u0131ndaki u\u00e7urum a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131k\u00e7a zek\u00e2lar\u0131n\u0131n psi\u015fik bask\u0131s\u0131 nedeniyle zaten pek de sosyal olmayan bu arkada\u015flar\u0131n izlerini kaybettik.<\/strong> Ancak s\u00fcper zek\u00e2lar\u0131yla dikkat \u00e7ektikleri i\u00e7in, isim ve soyadlar\u0131 akl\u0131mda kalan bu arkada\u015flar\u0131 y\u0131llar sonra internet \u00fczerinden ara\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131m. Takvim ezberleyebilen arkada\u015f i\u015fletmeci, deneyler yapan arkada\u015f t\u0131p doktoru ve kafadan be\u015f haneli rakamlar\u0131 \u00e7arpan arkada\u015f ise u\u00e7ak m\u00fchendisi olmu\u015flar, halen T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin konular\u0131nda en \u00f6nde gelen kurumlar\u0131nda \u00e7ok ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 birer \u201cuzman\u201d ve y\u00f6netici olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor ve iyi para kazan\u0131yorlar. G\u00fczel… Fakat \u00f6teki normal zekal\u0131 inek\/\u00e7al\u0131\u015fkan arkada\u015flardan da b\u00f6ylesine ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 uzmanlar, y\u00f6neticiler g\u0131rla… \u00dcst\u00fcne titrenen ve seyrek rastlanan \u201c\u00fcst\u00fcn zek\u00e2\u201d hayat i\u00e7erisinde \u201cinek\u201d arkada\u015flar\u0131m\u0131zdan \u00e7ok fazla \u00f6teye gidememi\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor:<\/strong> Se\u00e7kin bir meslek, y\u00fcksek bir kariyer ve iyi para… bu mudur? Bence burada zek\u00e2n\u0131n nitelenmesine ili\u015fkin temel bir yan\u0131lg\u0131 var<\/strong>. Yoksa, \u00fclkenin ko\u015fullar\u0131 bu zek\u00e2lar\u0131 yeterince de\u011ferlendirmiyor \u015feklindeki yan\u0131t, i\u015fin kolay\u0131na ka\u00e7mak gibi geliyor. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, \u00fclke en iyi meslekleri, en se\u00e7kin kurumlar\u0131n\u0131 bu arkada\u015flara sunmu\u015f daha ne olsun.<\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 ba\u011flamda ilgin\u00e7 olan ba\u015fka bir \u015feye dikkat \u00e7ekmek istiyorum: internet \u00fczerinden eski arkada\u015flar\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rken, \u00f6\u011frencilik y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131 hayal kurmakla ge\u00e7iren vasat zek\u00e2l\u0131 ve haylaz arkada\u015flardan baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n<\/em><\/strong>, bug\u00fcn, bu s\u00fcper zek\u00e2 arkada\u015flar\u0131n hayal bile edemeyecekleri birer tasar\u0131mc\u0131, kuramc\u0131 konumunda olduklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fcm.<\/strong> Sabahlara kadar ucuz \u015farap i\u00e7ip, birlikte \u015fiir okudu\u011fumuz normal zek\u00e2 bir arkada\u015f, bug\u00fcn merkezi Paris\u2019te olan d\u00fcnya enerji ajans\u0131n\u0131n genel sekreteri olmu\u015f. Hayal kurman\u0131n da \u00f6tesinde bizzat siyasi eylemi nedeniyle sekiz sene hapis yatt\u0131ktan sonra, hukuk bitiren ve bug\u00fcn memleketin en \u00f6nemli ceza hukuk\u00e7ular\u0131ndan olan bir ba\u015fka arkada\u015f\u0131m\u0131z var. Yine arka s\u0131ralarda hayal kurarak vakit ge\u00e7iren bir ba\u015fka \u201cvasat zek\u00e2\u201c arkada\u015f, bug\u00fcn Hasip Pasa Yal\u0131s\u0131, Z\u00fcbeyde Han\u0131m Evi, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Bas\u0131mevi gibi, y\u00fcksek sanat de\u011feri ta\u015f\u0131yan mimari yap\u0131lara imza at\u0131yor.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d6rnekler daha da \u00e7ok, ama ba\u015fa d\u00f6nerek \u015funu anlamaya ve anlatmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorum. Bir modern toplum \u201cbilimi\u201d olarak psikolojinin ve psikolojideki baz\u0131 moda e\u011filimlerin, bize \u00f6nerdi\u011fi tan\u0131m ve kavramlara, mesafeli ve sorgulay\u0131c\u0131 yakla\u015fmak gerekiyor. E\u011fer \u201c\u00fcst\u00fcn zek\u00e2\u201d, sadece empirik olgular (fac\/factum) aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 g\u00f6ren ve bu ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 ba\u015fkalar\u0131ndan daha h\u0131zl\u0131 kavrayarak yine bir tak\u0131m empirik sonu\u00e7lara ula\u015fan bir zek\u00e2 ise, bir zekad\u0131r, ama \u00fcst\u00fcn bir zeka de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

(Ayr\u0131ca bu konudaki \u00f6l\u00e7me ve de\u011ferlendirmelerin son derece g\u00f6receli oldu\u011funu da vurgulamak gerekiyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin orta Avrupa\u2019l\u0131 \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n zek\u00e2lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u00e7mek i\u00e7in uygulanan HAWIK (Hamburg-Wechsler-Intelligenztest) testini, Yozgat\u2019tan g\u00f6\u00e7men olarak Avrupa\u2019ya gitmi\u015f bir ailenin \u00e7ocu\u011funa uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda, yozgatl\u0131 \u00e7ocu\u011fun geri zek\u00e2l\u0131 olmasa bile, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck zek\u00e2l\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131r. Ve g\u00f6\u00e7men \u00e7ocuklar Almanya, Avusturya gibi \u00fclkelerde e\u011fitim kategorilerine y\u00f6nlendirilirken ne yaz\u0131k ki, bu standart h\u00e2l\u00e2 kas\u0131tl\u0131 olarak uygulanmaktad\u0131r.)<\/p>\n

\u00d6yleyse en ba\u015fta, \u201czek\u00e2\u201dya \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck atfetmek modern toplumun temel yan\u0131lg\u0131lar\u0131ndan birisini olu\u015fturuyor. Zek\u00e2 farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bir \u00fcst-alt hiyerar\u015fisi i\u00e7inde de\u011ferlendirmek yerine, zek\u00e2n\u0131n i\u015flevsel niteli\u011finden yola \u00e7\u0131karak tan\u0131mlamak, gerek zek\u00e2n\u0131n sahibi, gerekse uygulama ahl\u00e2k\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da daha do\u011fru olur.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kabaca ay\u0131r\u0131rsak: Yukarda, \u00fcst\u00fcn zek\u00e2 olarak tan\u0131mlanan, ya\u015f\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck laflar eden, rakamlar\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcp \u00e7arpan, \u00e7abucak okuyan, empirik olgular aras\u0131ndaki ilgileri konu edinen \u201cb\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f de k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f\u201d \u00e7ocuk modeli, \u201cformel bir zeka\u201dd\u0131r. Beri yanda empirik olgu ve ilgileri fazla dikkate almayan, dolay\u0131s\u0131ya bu alanda herhangi bir \u201ccambazl\u0131k\u201d sergilemedi\u011fi i\u00e7in vasat say\u0131lan bir \u00e7ocu\u011fun, \u00e7ocukluk durumunu a\u015far a\u015fmaz, empirik olgular\u0131 da soyutlama yoluyla a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve genellemeler, kavramlar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla kuramsal d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kolay kolay sezemeyiz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc kuramsal ve kavramsal d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, \u201czeka k\u00fcb\u00fc\u201dn\u00fcn renklerini bir araya getirmek t\u00fcr\u00fcnden, hemen ve an\u0131nda empirik olarak g\u00f6sterilebilir ve g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir \u201cakrobatik\u201d sonu\u00e7lara yol a\u00e7maz. Bizim taraf\u0131m\u0131zdan g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir cambazl\u0131klara yol a\u00e7mad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, \u00e7o\u011funlukla vasat olarak de\u011ferendirilen bu t\u00fcr bir zek\u00e2ya \u201csoyutlay\u0131c\u0131 veya kavramsal zek\u00e2\u201d diyebiliriz. <\/strong><\/p>\n

Tek tek olgular\u0131n e\u015f ve benzer nitelikerinden yola \u00e7\u0131karak, genel ilke ve kuramlara ula\u015fan bu zek\u00e2\u2019y\u0131 birim zaman i\u00e7inde, kronometre ve test sorular\u0131yla \u00f6l\u00e7meye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak anlams\u0131zd\u0131r. \u00dcstelik bu zek\u00e2, anlamaya, anlamland\u0131rmaya ve a\u00e7\u0131klamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 kavramlar \u00fczerinde; kavram\u0131n soyutlu\u011fu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde alabildi\u011fine yava\u015f i\u015fleyebilir, dolay\u0131s\u0131ya \u00fcst\u00fcn veya vasat gibi hiyarar\u015fik bir konuma da s\u0131\u011fmaz. Daha ilginci bu t\u00fcr zek\u00e2ya sahip \u00e7ocuklardan \u201ccan s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131\u201d yak\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 fazla duymazs\u0131n\u0131z. Tek bir a\u011fa\u00e7 dal\u0131n\u0131 iki baca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n aras\u0131na al\u0131p, onu bozk\u0131rlarda ko\u015fan bir at gibi tasarlayarak, kendi kendine binbir macera ya\u015fayabilir; tek bir masal\u0131 on farkl\u0131 versiyonuyla arkada\u015flar\u0131na anlatabilir, her defas\u0131nda ayn\u0131 masala yapt\u0131klar\u0131 katk\u0131dan b\u00fcy\u00fck haz al\u0131rlar, en k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 imk\u00e2nlar i\u00e7inde bile, yak\u0131nmaks\u0131z\u0131n kendi kendisine yeterli olabilen \u00e7ocuklard\u0131r bunlar. Ve d\u0131\u015fardan bak\u0131nca, s\u0131radan, vasat, belki biraz da palavrac\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrler. Ancak bu zek\u00e2, \u201c\u00fcst\u00fcn zek\u00e2\u201dda pek bulunmayan, ili\u015fki s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilme, uyum, ge\u00e7inme, akranlar\u0131n\u0131n ilgisini \u00e7ekme gibi sosyal ve moral yeteneklere de sahiptir. Ya\u015f ilerledik\u00e7e moral yetenek taraf\u0131ndan disipline edilen \u201csoyutlay\u0131c\u0131 zek\u00e2\u201d ku\u015fkusuz giderek \u201cakla\u201d d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fecektir.<\/strong> (Burada bir parantez a\u00e7arak zek\u00e2\u2019n\u0131n, ahl\u00e2k ve de\u011fer sistemleri taraf\u0131ndan disipline edilmedi\u011fi s\u00fcrece \u201cak\u0131l\u201d olamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da k\u0131saca vurgulamak gerekiyor.)<\/p>\n

Bu t\u00fcrl\u00fc zek\u00e2, bir F 16\u2019n\u0131n montaj\u0131n\u0131 ve \u201cteknolojisini\u201d de\u011fil, onun u\u00e7ma ilkelerini, dahas\u0131 \u201cama\u00e7 ve gereksinim\u201d teorisini tasarlayan zek\u00e2d\u0131r ve o mutlaka soyutlama gere\u011fi duyar, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc tasar\u0131m yapmak, soyutlama yapmakt\u0131r. <\/strong>\u00d6te yandan \u201cSoyutlay\u0131c\u0131 zek\u00e2\u201dy\u0131 \u00e7okca yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi EQ ile de kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmamak gerekiyor. (Ho\u015f, EQ yani emotional intelligence de tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 bir tan\u0131m, do\u011frusu intuitonal intelligence<\/a> olmal\u0131d\u0131r, bunu da bir ba\u015fka zaman tart\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131z.)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Yazan: Oktay Taftal\u0131. \u015eair, pedagog, felsefeci Ge\u00e7en ak\u015fam (19.08.09) TV 24 kanal\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7 saatte yay\u0131nlanan haber program\u0131nda, \u00fcst\u00fcn zek\u00e2l\u0131 \u00e7ocuklarla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir enstit\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u00f6neticisi konu\u015fuyordu. Y\u00f6netici, \u00fclkemizde bu cocuklara y\u00f6nelik \u00f6zel e\u011fitim veren kurumlar\u0131n yeterli olmamas\u0131ndan yak\u0131n\u0131yor, fakat o \u00f6zel e\u011fitimin nas\u0131l olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini tam \u00f6zetleyemiyordu.\u00a0 Kendisinin de \u00fcst\u00fcn zek\u00e2l\u0131 oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lan ve galiba, Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i\u2019nde […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"_s2mail":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[57],"tags":[],"views":3873,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kariyeryolculugu.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/434"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kariyeryolculugu.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kariyeryolculugu.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kariyeryolculugu.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kariyeryolculugu.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=434"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/kariyeryolculugu.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/434\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kariyeryolculugu.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=434"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kariyeryolculugu.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=434"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kariyeryolculugu.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=434"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}